OSTEOARTHRITIS

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, characterized by the gradual breakdown of cartilage in joints and the underlying bone changes. It primarily affects weight-bearing joints such as the knees, hips, spine, and hands. OA is a chronic condition that worsens over time and is associated with aging, although it can also result from joint injury or other joint-related conditions.

Causes and Pathophysiology:

The exact cause of osteoarthritis is not fully understood, but several factors contribute to its development:

• Age:

Cartilage naturally degenerates with age, making older adults more susceptible.

• Joint Injury:

Previous joint injuries or trauma can increase the risk of OA.

• Obesity:

Excess weight puts additional stress on weight-bearing joints, accelerating cartilage breakdown.

• Genetics:

Certain genetic factors can predispose individuals to develop osteoarthritis.

• Joint Overuse:

Repetitive stress on joints due to certain occupations or activities can contribute.

In osteoarthritis, the cartilage that cushions the ends of bones within the joint gradually deteriorates and becomes roughened. As a result, the bones can rub against each other, causing pain, stiffness, and reduced joint function. Over time, the joint may lose its normal shape, develop bone spurs (osteophytes), and experience inflammation in the surrounding tissues.

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Symptoms:

The symptoms of osteoarthritis typically develop slowly and worsen over time. Common signs and symptoms include:

• Pain:

Persistent joint pain, often worsened by activity and relieved by rest.

• Stiffness:

Joint stiffness, particularly in the morning or after periods of inactivity.

• Decreased Range of Motion:

Difficulty moving the joint fully.

• Swelling:

Mild to moderate swelling around the joint.

• Cracking or Grating Sensation:

Sensation of bone rubbing against bone (crepitus) when the joint is moved.

Diagnosis:

Diagnosis of osteoarthritis is based on a combination of clinical evaluation, medical history, physical examination, and imaging studies such as X-rays or MRI scans. These tests help assess the extent of joint damage and rule out other conditions with similar symptoms.

Management and Treatment:

There is no cure for osteoarthritis, but treatment aims to relieve symptoms, improve joint function, and slow disease progression:

• Lifestyle Modifications:

Weight management, regular exercise (such as low-impact activities like swimming), and avoiding activities that exacerbate joint pain.

• Medications:

Pain relievers (such as acetaminophen or NSAIDs), topical creams, or injections of corticosteroids or hyaluronic acid into the joint.

• Physical Therapy:

Exercises to improve joint flexibility, strength, and range of motion.

• Surgery:

In severe cases where conservative treatments are ineffective, surgical options such as joint replacement (arthroplasty) may be considered.